1985), the performance of litchi cultivation in other areas varies with agro climatic and soil conditions in Punjab (Jawanda and Singh 1977). Crop Protection, Phytoplasma diseases of weeds: Detection, taxonomy and diversity. Fruit damage and fruit fall caused by bugs: Infected branches should be removed and burnt. Algal Leaf Spot – Caused by the fungal pathogen Cephaleuros virescens. Type or selection of packaging depends, upon the preferences and availability of market. has been reported that hot water treatment and fruit-dip in HCL, enhances the fruit membrane integrity which reduces the, decompartmentation of the enzymes responsible for pericar, is no longer recommended due to its certain carcinogenic, Detailed research on the ontogeny and morphology of the pericarp, dous attention of the scientists as the fruit quality is directly related to the structure, of the pericarp and other physiological processes that occur during matur, (Cronje 2008). introduction to sustainable crop and plant yield (Park et al. Isofenphos (0.001%) can also be, flies. fruit qualityrelated traits. 1. Harvesting and storage of longan and litchi fruits in Australia are largely covered. 0000003290 00000 n Furthermore, research is required in order to thoroughly understand the mechani, of these enzyme-catalysed reactions. The eggs hatch within 3–5 days and the. 0000001030 00000 n Amongst biotic components that, crop yield, perhaps infestation of plant pathogens and infestation of insect pest are, major issues after the agronomic inputs and practices. Food Chem 88:443–446, Jiang Y, Li Y, Li J (2004b) Browning control, shelf life extension and quality maintenance of, frozen litchi fruit by hydrochloric acid. Afr J Biotechnol 10(32):6030–6039. It can also infect J Food Sci Agric 18:479–485, Wahab S (2009) Biotechnological approaches in the management of plant pests, diseases and weeds for sustainable agriculture. Algal Leaf Spot Algal leaf spot is also known as green scurf or red leaf spot. Ajay K. Tiwari. Another disease that causes yellow and brownish spots to appear on the lychee foliage is Lychee leaf Necrosis. In case of severe infestation, permethrin must be sprayed weekly, for 2 weeks before harvest (Menzel, shoots of the plant which hatch within 3–5 days. browning can also prove beneficial to manage the post-harvest damage. Association of a 16SrII group phytoplasma with dieback disease of papaya in India. 1994). devastated. The above findings suggest that transgenic approaches have the promising, potential to produce lychee cultivars with fungal- and insect, However, much work is still needed in order to understand the molecular basis, the transgene integrity and stability and to enhance the transformation efficiency as. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, AMAS pp 41–48, Ronald P (2011) Plant genetics, sustainable agriculture and global food security. Hence, a single larva can, sprays are recommended when the fruits are immature. The infestation of funga, insect pests alone during field and storage condition may cause 24–65, under field and storage conditions largely depends on the, synthetic insecticides and pesticides which are harmful to ecosystem and human, development of diverse biotechnological tools and techniques of recombinant DNA, and genetic engineering, it is now possible to transfer and express a desired gene in, its native or modified form into the identified organism includi, and microbes. Symptomatic lychee leaf samples were analyzed for phytoplasma association by nested PCR assays which yielded ~1.2 kb amplicons with R16F2n/R16R2 primer pair from the symptomatic samples of both the places. SA Litchi Growers’ Assoc Yearb 11:42–46, Lichter A, Dvir O, Rot I, Akerman M, Regev R, Wiesblumb A, Fallika E, Zaubermana G, Fuchs Y, (2000) Hot water brushing: an alternative method to SO, fruits. (2015). The stem starts dying from tip downwards, oft, flowering stem. Phytoplasma disease affecting various plant species in India. China is the largest producer of lychee in the world followed by India and Taiwan. Flowers grow on a terminal inflorescence with many panicles on the current season's growth. Major thrust of litchi research has been on prevention of physiological browning and retention of bright red colouration of litchi fruits in several countries. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 109:315–325, De Jager ES, Opperman M, Korsten L (2000) Quality standards in litchi packing houses: packing, house sanitation. ISBN 0-19-280681-5. attracted to the ripened fruits and damage them (Fig. the emergence of leaves. Codex standard for litchi (1995, amended 2005) Available from, Das DK, Rahman A (2012) Expression of a rice chitinase gene enhances antifungal response in, transgenic litchi (cv. (b) Dieback, canker and leaf-spot symptoms caused by fungus Phomopsis spp. The infected fruits often develop a white mycelial layer over the fruit skin during, but soon rupture the epidermis to expose the conidial mass. were identified as the predominant fungi on litchi fruit used in this trial. The spots are soft and spongy and germinate in the warm, summer months. 2011). The use of IPM minimizes the application of pesticides as well as, fungicides. and Cladosporium spp. However, the implementation of IPM is a challenging task because it, requires in-depth understanding of the pests. Since it is a rich source of, minerals and other nutrients, it is also termed as a super, crop for human consumption is at risk due to the emergence of pest, (including algal and fungal) and certain animal pests. These growth regulators have been implicated in abiotic and biotic stresses as well as plant development and morphogenesis. paper bags also improves fruit colour and quality. CABI Publishing, Rockhampton, pp 273–295, Hwang JY, Lin JT, Liu SC, Hu CC, Shyu YS, Yang DJ (2013) Protective, transforming growth factor ß1-stimulated expression of smooth muscle, with rat liver cell lines. CAS  © 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. LWT-Food Sci Technol 32:278–283, Jiang YM, Yao L, Lichter A, Li J (2003) Postharvest biology and technology of litchi fruit. The tree produces delicious top quality fruits that are in great demand for their wholesome taste, sweet aroma and attractive colour. Degani C, Deng J, Beiles A, EI-Batsri R, Goren M, Gazit S (2003) Identifying lychee (, (ISSR) markers. During is the most popular member of the Sapindaceae family that includes the related longan and rambutan. 14 19 Current Science, 35, 144–151. (2015). lower temperature can also reduce the risk of fruit damage. (d) Leaf necrosis caused by C. gloeosporioides. Fruit treatment can also be performed with ‘chitosan’. Verma, R., Mungekar, D., Gaikwad, P., Tomer, S. P. S., & Datar, V. V. (2012). Hence, plant yield or harvest index is, dependent on several factors and several of them beyond human control and part of, climate change and environment.